Reviews of Terry Waite and Ollie North the Untold Story of the Kidnapping and the Release

Kidnapping in Lebanese republic of 104 strange hostages between 1982 and 1992

The Lebanon hostage crisis was the kidnapping in Lebanon of 104 foreign hostages between 1982 and 1992, when the Lebanese Ceremonious War was at its tiptop.^[1] The hostages were mostly Americans and Western Europeans, but 21 national origins were represented. At least viii hostages died in captivity; some were murdered, while others died from lack of adequate medical attending to illnesses.^[2]

Those taking responsibility for the kidnapping used dissimilar names, just the testimony of former hostages indicates that almost all the kidnappings were washed by a unmarried group of about a dozen men, coming from various clans inside the Hezbollah organization.^[3] Particularly important in the organization was Imad Mughniyah.^[iv] Hezbollah has publicly denied interest.^[5] The theocratic government of Islamic republic of iran is thought to accept played a major role in the kidnappings,^[6] and may have instigated them.^[7] The Ba'athist government of Syria is also believed to take had some involvement.^{[ citation needed ]}

The original motive for the hostage-taking is idea to take been to discourage retaliation by the U.Due south., Syria, or other powers against Hezbollah, which is credited with the killing of 241 Americans and 58 Frenchmen in both the Marine barracks and embassy bombings in Beirut in 1983.^[8] ^[nine] Other explanations for the kidnappings or the prolonged belongings of hostages are Iranian foreign policy interests, including a desire to extract concessions from the Western countries, the hostage takers being strong allies of the Islamic Commonwealth of Iran.^[10]

The tight security measures taken past the earnest-keepers succeeded in preventing the rescue of all but a handful of hostages,^[11] and this along with public force per unit area from the media and families of the hostages led to a breakdown of the anti-terrorism principle of "no negotiations, no concessions" past American and French officials. In the United states, the Reagan assistants negotiated a cloak-and-dagger and illegal artillery for earnest swap with Islamic republic of iran known as the Iran–Contra affair.

The finish of the crunch in 1992 is idea to have been precipitated by the need for Western aid and investment by Syria and Iran post-obit the end of the Iran–Republic of iraq State of war and the dissolution of the Soviet Marriage, and with promises to Hezbollah that information technology could remain armed post-obit the end of the Lebanese Ceremonious War and that France and America would non seek revenge confronting it.^[12]

Groundwork [edit]

The kidnapped victims consisted of 25 Americans, 16 Frenchmen, 12 British, 7 Swiss, 7 W Germans and 1 Irish human being^[13] ^[14] The hostage takers bore obscure titles such equally the Islamic Jihad Organization (IJO), the Organization for the Defense of Free People (ODFP), the Oppressed of the Earth Organization (OEO), the Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine (IJLP), the Revolutionary Justice Arrangement (RJO), the Organization of Right against Wrong (ORAW), Followers of the Prophet Muhammad (FPM), and the Holy Strugglers for Justice (HJS).

Hostages [edit]

With the exception of a few hostages such as CIA Agency Principal William Francis Buckley and Marine Colonel William Higgins (who were both killed), most of the hostages were chosen not for any political activeness or declared wrongdoing, only because of the land they came from and the ease of kidnapping them. Despite this, the hostages complained of and had concrete signs of mistreatment, such as repeated beatings and mock executions.^[15]

Some of the victims include:

David S. Dodge. Among the starting time victims whose case was widely publicized was American University of Beirut president David Contrivance, abducted 19 July 1982 and freed on July 21, 1983. Co-ordinate to Lebanese journalist Hala Jaber, "Dodge was abducted initially by pro-Palestinian Lebanese" in hopes of pressuring the Americans to pressure level Israel which had invaded Lebanon to stop Lebanon-based PLO attacks. After the PLO evacuated Lebanon, Dodge was taken into Iranian custody, and moved him from Beqaa Valley to Tehran. The Iranians hoped to apply Dodge to gain the release of 4 Iranian officials who had been kidnapped by Lebanese Christians in July 1982. The four Iranians were never plant.^[16] Dodge spent the side by side three months in Evin Prison, and was asked for data about the kidnapped Iranians whenever he was interrogated.^[16] He was released, reportedly, considering Syrian President Assad was angered by Islamic republic of iran's involvement in the kidnapping. Dodge was released from captivity and driven dorsum to the aerodrome by an official of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards. He flew to Damascus, and was handed over to the American embassy on arrival there.^[17]
Benjamin Weir. The Presbyterian minister was kidnapped in May 1984 by 3 armed men while strolling with his wife. Weir may take thought he was safe from harm from Muslims considering he lived in Shiite West Beirut working with Muslim charities, and had lived in Lebanon since 1958. Two days afterwards his abduction, a telephone message claimed: "Islamic Jihad system claims it is responsible for the abduction ... in lodge to renew our acceptance of Reagan's challenge [to fight "land terrorism"] and to ostend our commitment of the statement ... that nosotros volition not leave any American on Lebanese soil".^[18] He was released mid-September 1985.
Terry A. Anderson, primary Middle East correspondent for the Associated Press, was the longest held hostage believed to be captured by Shiite Hezbollah or Islamic Jihad Organisation. Anderson was seized on March 16, 1985, finally being released Dec 4, 1991.^[19]
Charles Drinking glass, an American idiot box contributor, was seized on June 17, 1987, by a previously unknown grouping, the "Arrangement for the Defence force of Free People", believed to exist one of Hezbollah'due south aliases. He escaped 62 days later.^[19]
Rudolph Cordes and Alfred Schmidt, two citizens of Due west Germany, were abducted in January 1987 past an organization calling itself "Strugglers for Freedom". The West Germans were seized shortly afterwards the West German government arrested Mohammed Ali Hamadi, a Shia terrorist leader who allegedly masterminded the 1985 TWA Flight 847 hijacking and killed diver Robert Dean Stethem. Mohammed Ali Hammadi was not released at that time, simply was apparently exchanged in 2006 for a German hostage then held in Iraq.^[20] Schmidt was released in September 1987. Cordes was released in September 1988.^[21] ^[22]
Thomas Sutherland, onetime Dean of Agriculture at the American University of Beirut in Lebanon, was kidnapped by Islamic Jihad members most his Beirut abode on June nine, 1985.^[23] He was released on November 18, 1991, at the same time as Terry Waite,^[24] having been held earnest for ii,353 days.^[24]

Terry Waite, an Anglican church building envoy, disappeared on Jan twenty, 1987, while on a negotiating mission to free the other kidnap victims. He spent virtually five years in captivity, near four years of it in lonely confinement, after he was seized by Islamic Jihad from a go-between'south house in Lebanese republic. Earlier his release in November 1991 he was frequently blindfolded, as well as having been beaten early in his period of imprisonment and subjected to a mock execution. He was chained, suffered desperately from asthma, and was once transported in a refrigerator equally his captors moved him virtually.^[25]
Joseph J. Cicippio, who was working as the acting comptroller at the American University in Beirut when he was taken hostage on September 12, 1986. He spent 1,908 days in captivity, and released on December 2, 1991. He spent virtually of his time chained in a minor room with one other hostage.^[26] Following his release, Cicippio was one of several that successfully sued Islamic republic of iran for damages equally sponsoring Hezbollah nether the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, existence awarded US$thirty million. His children subsequently attempted to sue Islamic republic of iran for emotional amercement Cicippio-Puleo five. Iran (2004) simply which was dismissed by the courts as the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act did not allow for strange nations to be subject to private crusade of action lawsuits, which led to Congress making a meaning changes to FSIA in 2008 to heighten terrorist exceptions in sovereign immunity and assure foreign nations were responsible for deportment of their officials tied to state-sponsored terrorism.^[27]

Killed [edit]

William Francis Buckley. Former CIA Agency Chief, Beirut, taken hostage by Islamic Jihad, Mar 16, 1984.^[25] and held at the village of Ras al-Ain.^[28] On October 3, 1985, the Islamic Jihad Organization claimed to accept killed him. The Islamic Jihad Organization later released to a Beirut newspaper a photograph purporting to depict his corpse. Press reports stated that Buckley had been transferred to Iran, where he was tortured and killed. Former American hostage David Jacobsen revealed that Buckley actually died of a centre attack brought on by torture, probably on June three, 1985.^[29] ^[30] His remains were found in a plastic sack on the side of the route to the Beirut drome in 1991.^[31]
Alec Collett, a British employee for UNRWA, was kidnapped along with his Austrian driver on March 25, 1985. The Austrian was but briefly held and then released. In a videotape released in April 1986, Collett was shown being hanged past his kidnappers. Collett's trunk was not plant until November 2009.^[32]
Four Soviet diplomats were kidnapped on September 30, 1985. Arkady Katkov, a consular attaché, was killed by his captors; the other three (Oleg Spirin, Valery Mirikov, and Nikolai Svirsky) were released a calendar month later on.^[19] Co-ordinate to a 1986 report by the Jerusalem Post, the release of the hostages occurred following the kidnapping and murder of a key Hezbollah leader by the KGB.^[33]
Michel Seurat. On February ten, 1986, the Islamic Jihad Organization released a photograph that claimed to bear witness the body of French sociologist Michel Seurat, who had been kidnapped earlier. On five March 1986 Islamic Jihad claimed it had executed Seurat. His fellow hostages revealed on their release that Seurat had died of hepatitis. His body was institute in October 2005.^[34] ^[35]
Peter Kilburn, Leigh Douglas, and Philip Padfield. On April 17, 1986, the bodies of these three American Academy of Beirut employees, American denizen Peter Kilburn and Britons Leigh Douglas and Philip Padfield, were discovered well-nigh Beirut. The Revolutionary Arrangement of Socialist Muslims claimed to have executed the three men in retaliation for the United states air raid on Libya on Apr 15, 1986.^[xix]

Another American armed services homo killed by Hezbollah abductors was Colonel William R. Higgins. He was captured Feb 17, 1988, and taken earnest while serving on a United Nations (UN) peacekeeping mission in southern Lebanon. A yr and a half after his capture, a videotape was released past his captors showing his torso hanging by the neck. On December 23, 1991, his body was recovered from a Beirut street where it had been dumped.
A further victim was Dennis Loma, an English lecturer at the American University of Beirut, originally from Middlesex, United kingdom. Loma, aged 53, had worked for the American University of Beirut on the Intensive English Language Program since October 1984. He was shot several times in the caput on May 30, 1985, while attempting to escape from his captors, according to the Acquaintance Press.^[36] ^[37] Islamic Jihad denied responsibility for the killing which it blamed on the CIA, (forth with an attempted assassination of the Emir of Kuwait and bombing in Kingdom of saudi arabia).^[38]

Escaped or rescued [edit]

Frank Regier. American citizen Frank Regier, engineering science professor at the American University of Beirut, was kidnapped in Feb. 1984 when he walked off the campus grounds. He was freed after several months in captivity by Amal militiamen, who raided the Beirut hideout of his extremist captors on April 15, 1984. Islamic Jihad responded past threatening Amal.^[39]
Jonathan Wright. British Announcer escaped from his captors in September 1984.^[40]
Jerry Levin. On Feb 14, 1985, American journalist Jeremy Levin escaped from his captors in the Beqaa Valley. Shia militants claimed they had allowed him to escape and the U.S. publicly thanked Syria for intervening on his behalf.^[41]
Michel Brillant. On Apr xi, 1986, French captive Michel Brillant escaped several days after his abduction when his captors were surprised past a political party of hunters in the Beqaa Valley.^[nineteen]
On July sixteen, 1986, a Saudi Arabian diplomat was freed when the Lebanese Ground forces caught his captors.^[19]
David Hirst. On September 26, 1986, British announcer David Hirst escaped by bolting from his captors' auto in a Shia neighborhood of Beirut.^[xix]
Jean-Marc Sroussi several days later (from September 26, 1986) French idiot box correspondent Jean-Marc Sroussi escaped from a locked shed days after his capture.^[19]

Perpetrators [edit]

Hezbollah, sometimes described as the "umbrella group" of Shia radicalism in Lebanon, is considered by most observers to be the instigator of the crisis.

Analysis of the earnest-crisis in Lebanese republic yields that Hezbollah was undisputably responsible for the aforementioned abductions of Westerners despite attempts to shield its complicity through the employment of cover-names. Its organisational framework was not just sophisticated and alloyed according to Iranian clerical designs but also closely integrated with several key Iranian institutions which provided it with both necessary weaponry and training to successfully confront self-proclaimed Islamic enemies and invaluable financial back up ...^[6]

Hezbollah itself, denies the charge, proclaiming in 1987:

We await with ridicule at the accusations of Hezbollah in connection with the abductions of strange hostages. We consider that is a provocation and hold America responsible for the results.^[42]

Another source claims that with the exceptions of half-dozen Iranian hostages, all the hostages announced to take been seized by groups centrolineal with Iran.^[43]

The two main operatives of the hostage taking were reported to be Imad Mughniyah, a senior member of the Hezbollah organisation, who was described by announcer Robin Wright as the "principal terrorist" behind the entrada.,^[4] and Husayn Al-Musawi (also spelled Hussayn al-Mussawi). The village of Ras al-Ein, in the Beqaa Valley of Due east Lebanon was a place were the victims were held.^[28]

Motivations [edit]

According to scholar Gilles Kepel "a few of the kidnappings were coin-driven or linked to local concerns, but virtually obeyed a logic whereby Hezbollah itself was no more than a subcontractor for Iranian initiatives".^[44] Motivation for the hostage-taking includes:

Insurance "confronting retaliation by the U.S., Syria or any other force" against Hezbollah, for the killing of over 300 Americans in the Marine billet and embassy bombings in Beirut.^[9]
The release of 4 Iranian officials who had been kidnapped on July 5, 1982, past Christian militia Lebanese Forces (aka Phalangists) 25 miles north of Beirut. In December 1988, Hashemi Rafsanjani publicly addressed the Americans simply before he was elected president of Iran:

If you are interested in having your people [who are] held hostage in Lebanon released, so tell the Phalangists [Christian militia] to release our people who have been in their hands for years.^[45]

The Iranians included Ahmad Motevaselian, the Ba'albek commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Baby-sit contingent, and Mohsen Musavi, the Iranian charge d'affairs to Lebanon.^[46] (The other two Iranians were Akhaven Kazem and Taqi Rastegar Moqaddam.)

Pro-Palestinian Lebanese believed they could apply the first American hostage, David Dodge, "every bit a means of pressuring the American to do something about the Israeli invasion of Lebanon".^[47]
Lebanese Hezbollah member Imad Mughniyah wanted to free his cousin, brother-in-law Mustafa Badreddin, one of the "Kuwait 17" (the 17 imprisoned perpetrators of the 1983 State of kuwait Bombing).^[48]

The hostage in captivity the longest, Terry Anderson, was told that he and the other hostages had been abducted to proceeds the freedom of their seventeen comrades in Kuwait convicted of perpetrating the 1983 Kuwait Bombing of vi primal strange and Kuwaiti installations, "what might have been the worst terrorist attack of the century had the bombs' rigging non been faulty".^[49]

Another of the Kuwait 17, Hussein al-Sayed Yousef al-Musawi, was the first-cousin to Husayn Al-Musawi, leader of Islamic Amal, a sister militia to Hezbollah that was later merged with Hezbollah.^[50]
Islamist Shia wanted to use French hostages to free Anis Naccache, who had been the leader of the Iranian backed bump-off squad who had attempted to kill old Iranian Premier Shapour Bakhtiar. Naccache was a Christian Lebanese catechumen to Islam who had pledged allegiance to Khomeini following the success of the Iranian Revolution. He was a "close personal friend" of "Ahmad Khomeini, son of the Iranian revolutionary" leader, "Mohasen Rafiqust, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corp commander in Lebanon", and of the aforementioned Hezbollah operative Imad Mughniya.^[51] They appear to have been completely successful in their efforts.

On 18 July 1980, Naccache was arrested for the attempt to kill Bakhtiar. A police officer and a bystander were killed in the subsequent battle with the police. Naccache and three others were given life sentences. ... Naccache'due south release later became a status for freeing the Western hostages in Lebanon.^[52]

Naccache was freed on 27 July 1990, together with four accomplices, after being pardoned by President François Mitterrand. All five men were put on a plane jump for Tehran. The deal also brought political, military and financial benefits to Iran itself: the release of its frozen assets and desperately needed spare parts for their armaments. The French likewise kicked out nearly of the Iranian opposition leaders who had taken sanctuary in their country following the revolution." Three French hostages in Lebanese republic, Jean-Pierre Kaufmann, Marcel Carton et Marcel Fontaine, had been released past kidnappers on May iv, 1988. France denied reports that the release of Naccache was a repayment for the release of the three French hostages .^[52]

Resolution [edit]

By 1991 radical Shia operatives imprisoned in Europe had been freed. Islamic Dawa Party members convicted of terrorism in Kuwait had been freed past the Iraqi invasion. At that place was no demand to pressure Western supporters of Iraq considering Iran–Iraq War was over. It was pretty well established that the 4 missing Iranians were no longer live.^[53]

More than importantly Iran was in demand of foreign investment "to repair its economy and infrastructure" afterwards the destruction on the border areas in the Iran–Iraq War, and Syria needed to "consolidation of its hegemony over Lebanon" and obtain to Western help to recoup for the loss of Soviet back up post-obit the collapse of the Soviet Union.^[12] Syria was actively pressuring Hezbollah to stop the abductions and a Feb 1987 attack by Syrian troops in Beirut that harassed members of Hezbollah was in part an expression of Syrian irritation with the continued hostage-taking.^[54] Hezbollah had guarantees from Syria that despite the cease of the Lebanese Ceremonious War, it would be immune to remain armed, while all other Lebanese militias would be disarmed, on the grounds that Hezbollah needed its weapons to fight Israeli occupation in the South.^[55]

This combination of factors created a setting whereby UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar and his personal envoy, Giandomenico Picco (served on the Board of Governmental Relations for the American Iranian Council), could negotiate "a comprehensive resolution to the hostage-crisis". By Dec 1991, Hezbollah had released the last hostage in return for Israel's release of imprisoned Shi'ites.^[56]

Timeline [edit]

1982 [edit]

1982 July 19 – Abduction: Commencement Westerner abducted is David Dodge, the acting president of the American University of Beirut (AUB) (American).
Suggested motivation: the abduction of David Dodge came straight in response to the previous kidnapping of four employees of the Iranian Diplomatic mission in Beirut by the Israeli-backed Phalangist militia on July 5, 1982."^[57] Dodge was the most prominent American citizen in Lebanon next to the U.S. Ambassador.
Alleged abductor: Islamic Jihad Organization.^[xix]
Alleged abductor: "it seems clear that the abduction of David Dodge was initiated by the Pasdaran contingent in Lebanon...the performance was executed by Husayn al-Musawi'due south Islamic Amal".^[58]
1983 July 21 – Release: David Dodge^[19]

1984 [edit]

1984 Feb 11 – Abduction: Frank Regier, engineering professor at the AUB (American) and Christian Joubert (French)^[59]
Suggested motivation: 25 arrested in State of kuwait in wake of Dec. 1983 multiple terrorist attacks. 3 are Lebanese Shi'ites.
1984 March (tardily) – Abduction: Jeremy Levin, Bureau chief of Cablevision News Network (American), and William Buckley "diplomat" actually Station chief, Cardinal Intelligence Agency (American).
1984 March 27 – Sentencing: Kuwait's State Security Courtroom sentence Elias Fouad Saab to death ... while Hussein al-Sayed Yousef al-Musawi receive life-imprisonment and Azam Khalil Ibrahim receives fifteen years imprisonment.
Hezbollah threatens to kill hostages if bombers are executed.^[59]
1984 Apr 15 – Release: Frank Regier by Amal militiamen, who raided the Beirut hideout of his captors.^[19]
1984 May – Abduction: Presbyterian government minister Benjamin Weir (American).
Suggested motivation: another endeavour to pressure Kuwait to acquiesce to its demands of freedom or leniency for the prisoners.^[59]
Declared abductor: "Islamic Jihad organization."
1984 August 29 – Abduction of British Journalist Jonathan Wright^[60]
1984 December iii – Abduction: Peter Kilburn, librarian at AUB.
Alleged abductor: "appears to have been perpetrated by Islamic Amal with close Iranian involvement." (p. 93)

1985 [edit]

1985 January iii – Abduction: Eric Wehrli, Swiss charge d'affairs in Lebanon^[59]
1985 January 7 – Release: Eric Wehrli.
Suggested motivation: "evidence suggests that Hezbollah deliberately targeted Wehrli in order to obtain the release of Hosein al-Talaat, Hezbollah member arrested at Zurich Airport on Dec 18, 1984, with explosives in his possession intended for an assault on the American diplomatic mission in Rome.^[61] and ^[62]
1985 January eight – Abduction: Lawrence Jenco, Director, Catholic Relief Services charitable organization (American).
Alleged abductor: "Islamic Jihad Organization".^[nineteen]
1985 March – Abduction: Geoffrey Nash and Brian Lebick (both British).
Suggested motivation: retaliation for March 8, 1985 unsuccessful assassination attempt on Sheikh Fadlallah.
1985 March/April – Release: Geoffrey Nash and Brian Lebick, two weeks after abduction.
Suggested motivation: "seems to bespeak that their abduction had been made on the mistaken assumption that they were American citizens".^[63]
1985 March eighteen – Abduction: Terry A. Anderson, Main Middle East correspondent, Associated Printing (American)^[xix]
Suggested motivation: in retaliation for Fadlallah bombing and UNSC veto by the U.s.a. of the resolution condemning Israel's military practices in occupied southern Lebanon.^[63]
Alleged abductor: "Islamic Jihad Organisation".^[19]
1985 March 22 – Abduction: iii French embassy employees.
Suggested motivation: "considerations more aligned with Iran's foreign policy, virtually notably related to Frances connected artillery shipments to Iraq and outstanding financial debt to Iran ... [and] as a response to the presence of the French UNIFIL contingent in southern Lebanon and its perceived do of declining to provide acceptable protection to the local Shi'ite population".^[63]
1985 May 20 – Release: Husayn Farrash, Saudi Arabian consul Husayn Farrash released by captors after over a year in captivity.^[19]
1985 May 22 – Abduction: French journalist Jean-Paul Kaufmann and French sociologist Michel Seurat.
Suggested motivation: part of effort to obtain the release of Anis Naccache, imprisoned in France for the attempted bump-off of the Shah's erstwhile Prime Government minister Shapour Bakhtiar in Paris in July 1980.^[64] ^[65] ^[66] and ^[67] Naccache was "head of the Iranian assassination squad and...close personal friend ... with both Ahmad Khomeini, son of the Iranian revolutionary" leader "and Mohasen Rafiqust, IRGC commander in Lebanon", and was a "shut personal" friend of Imad Mughniya.^[51]
1985 May – Abduction: Americans David Jacobsen, American Academy of Beirut hospital administrator.
1985 June – Thomas Sutherland, agronomist ^[68]
Suggested motivation: "Hezbollah focused its efforts on the release of 766 mainly Lebanese Shi'ites transferred to State of israel in conjunction with information technology withdrawal from Lebanon, through the abduction of mainly American citizens. This was revealed about clearly past the ^[51]
Declared abductor: "Islamic Jihad Organization".^[19]
1985 June xiv – Hijacking and abduction: TWA flight 847. Done immediately post-obit the completion of Israel's deviation from Lebanon. The flying from Athens to Rome was hijacked by "Organization for the Oppressed of the Globe." Passengers underwent a three-24-hour interval, eight,300-mile (13,400 km) ordeal shuttling back and forth between Beirut and Algiers. Groups of passengers were freed over the form of effect. One passenger, a U.S. Navy diver, Robert Dean Stethem, was browbeaten, shot and his body dumped on the runway. Another 39 passengers were held hostage in South Beirut for two weeks, equally Lebanese ground forces troops withdrew from the Beirut aerodrome on June 16 leaving Hezbollah and Amal militias to control the expanse and hold the hostages. On June 30, they were driven to Syria and released. The liberation of the hostages was followed over the next several weeks by the release of 735 Lebanese Shiite militants by State of israel. Although this was ane of the key demands of the hijackers, Israel maintained the release was unconnected to the hijacking.^[nineteen]
Suggested motivation: release of 766 mainly Lebanese Shi'ites transferred to Israel in conjunction with its withdrawal from Lebanese republic ^[51]
1985 Baronial – clandestine policy of providing armaments to Iran via State of israel (aka Iran–Contra matter) initiated by U.S. government.^[69]
1985 mid-September – Release: Reverend Benjamin Weir, held hostage since May 1984 is freed by the "Islamic Jihad Organization".^[19]
1985 September xxx – Abduction: four Soviet diplomats.
Declared abductor: "Islamic Liberation Organization".^[19]

1986 [edit]

1986 March 3 – Abduction: Marcel Coudry and a French four-human being Antenne-two telly crew.
Suggested direct motivation: retaliation for decision by France to miscarry two exiled members of al Dawa al-Islamiyya [Fawzy Harmza and Hassan Kheir al-Din] to Iraq.^[70]
Other possible motivations: "Iraq owed $7 billion to France and absorbed almost 40% of all French arms export. Between 1977 and 1985, France sold more than than $xi.viii billion of high-engineering weaponry to Iraq, including 113 Delusion F1 fighter aircraft and iii/iv of French full exports of Exocet missiles.^[71] At the aforementioned fourth dimension, Iran was specially angered over the refusal past the French government to pay between $one–1.5 billion owed from the days of the Shah and supply Iran with military machine-related equipment". [source ftnt43: For Iranian claims, run across:^[72] and ^[73] ^[74]
Declared abductor: "Revolutionary Justice Organisation".^[75]
1986 April – Abduction: British citizens Brian Keenan (April 11) and John McCarthy (April 17th)
Motivation: reprisal for the American raid on Libya.^[76]
Suggested motivation for keeping them: demands for the release by State of israel of 260 Shiites held in Al-Khiam prison house in South Lebanon and the release of the 3 Iranian hostages taken in 1982.^[76]
1986 Apr 17 – Killed: Bodies of iii American University of Beirut employees, Britons Leigh Douglas and Philip Padfield and American Peter Kilburn, discovered near Beirut.
Declared motivation: The "Revolutionary Arrangement of Socialist Muslims" claims to have "executed" the three men in retaliation for the United States air raid on Libya on Apr 15, 1986.^[19]
1986 May seven – Abduction: Camilli Sontag Frenchman in Lebanon (accompanied by "the initiation of an armed campaign against the French UNIFIL contingent in southern Lebanon.")^{[ citation needed ]}
Alleged motivation: "Iranian demands for the withdrawal of UNIFIL and absconding of UNSCR 425".^[77]
1986 June – Release: 2 French hostages in June 1986.
Alleged motivation: The expulsion of Iranian dissident Massoud Rajavi from France past French government in compliance with captors demands.
1986 July 26 – Release: Lawrence Jenco.^[19]
1986 September nine, – Abduction: Frank Reed, Manager, Lebanese International School (American)
1986 September 12 – Abduction: Joseph Ciccipio, Acting controller, American University of Beirut (American)
1986 October 21 – Abduction: Edward Tracy, Writer (American)^[76]
Alleged motivation: "replace American hostages released by the arms-for-hostages deals of the so-chosen Islamic republic of iran-Contra Affair", and undermine the arms-for-hostages deal^[78]
1986 November two – Release: David Jacobsen later on more than a twelvemonth and a one-half in captivity.^[xix]
1986 Nov 3 – Revelation: Islamic republic of iran–Contra arms-for-hostage bargain with Iran by Lebanese newspaper, Al-Shiraa, which reports that the United states of america sold artillery to Iran.^[79]
1986 November – Release: three more than French hostages.^[80]
Declared motivation: the release by France of $330 million of the $1 billion loan to Iran^[fourscore]

1987 [edit]

1987 January – Abduction: Unprecedented number of abductions of foreigners by the Hezbollah organisation. (p. 99)
Declared motivation: "The hostages will perish in case of any military attempts confronting Muslims in the area and especially in Lebanese republic". (U.Southward. Navy warships in Mediterranean reportedly moving towards Lebanese republic.)^[42]
Alleged motivation: "direct in response to the arrest of three leading Hezbollah member in Europe".^[81]
Another alleged motivation: "clerical factionalism in Iran" in the aftermath of the Iran–Contra deal.^[81]
Still some other alleged motivation: Demand for the return of 400 Shi'ite and Palestinians imprisoned in Israel.
1987 Jan 24 – Abducted: Iii American and i Indian Professors from Beirut Academy College in West Beirut: Alann Steen, Jesse Turner, Robert Polhill, Mithal Eshwar Singh^[82]
Declared abductor: "Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine".^[83]
1987 January – Abduction: West German citizens Rudolph Cordes and Alfred Schmidt.
Declared motivation: retaliation for "the arrest of Mohammad Ali Hamadi in Frankfurt past West German regime".^[76]
1987 Jan 13 – Abduction: Frenchman Roger Auque.
Alleged motivation: Appears to have been "related to the previous twenty-four hour period's arrest of Bashir Al-Khodour in Milan past Italian authorities",^[81]
1987 January twenty – Abduction: Terry Waite. Waite, Anglican mediator negotiating independently to free convict Westerners, disappears January xx on his 5th mission to Lebanon.^[42]
Declared motivation: "mainly a outcome of his disability to affect the fate of the imprisoned 17 al-Dawa prisoners in Kuwait".^[81]
1987 June 17 – Abduction: Charles Glass, American television correspondent.
Alleged abductor: previously unknown group, the "Arrangement for the Defense force of Free People".^[xix]
1987 August 19 – Escape: Charles Glass escapes from his Hezballah captors in Beirut's southern suburbs and makes his mode to the Summerland Hotel, where he calls friends to come to his assistance. The full story of his kidnapping is told in the final chapters of his book Tribes with Flags.

1988 [edit]

1988, February 17 – Abduction: Lt. Col William Higgins, American Chief of the UN Truce and Supervision Organisation'southward observer group in Lebanon (UNTSO)
Suggested motivation: Stop UNIFIL from interfering in Hezbollah's armed attacks against the Israeli occupation of the s.
Suggested motivation: Show solidarity with the revival of Islamic fundamentalism inside the Palestinian intifada^[84]

1989 [edit]

1989 Mid – Killing: Video of U.S Marine Lt. Col William Higgins, American Main of the UNTSO being hanged distributed to press. Declared expressionless on July 6, 1990.
Declared motivation: claiming to Amal militia's authorisation to maintain a stable security environment in southern Lebanon, Amal being the leading militia there.^[85]
Alleged motivation: to sabotage the rapprochement betwixt Syria and the American administration ^[86]
Further declared motivation: retaliation for kidnapping of Sheikh Obeid, senior Hezbollah cleric and regional military commander of the Islamic Resistance, by elite Israeli military units on July 28, 1989 ^[87]
Another motivation: to aid "Iranian radicals, nearly notably Mohtashemi", derail attempts to ameliorate the U.S.-Iranian relationship.^[88]
1989 May – Abduction: British citizen Jackie Isle of mann
Declared abductor: previously unknown group, the "Cells for Armed Struggle"^[89]
Suggested motivations are that he was kidnapped to demand the release of Palestinian prisoners that the kidnappers claimed were being held in Britain, defendant of killing Palestinian cartoonist Naji al-Ali in 1987 or in retaliation against the UK government for providing Salman Rushdie with refuge and protection after Iran's Ayatollah Khomeini'south fatwa death threat against Rushdie for the publication of book the Satanic Verses.^[xc]
1989, October six – Abduction: Swiss citizens Emanuel Christen and Elio Erriquez

1990 [edit]

1990 April 22 – Release: Robert Polhill.^[91]
1990 Apr 30 – Release: Frank Reed.^[91]
1990 August 24 – Release: Brian Keenan, Irish teacher of English^[92]

1991 [edit]

1991 August 8 – Release: John McCarthy – the longest held British hostage in Lebanese republic, having spent over five years in captivity
1991 August 11 – Release: Edward Tracy, after almost v years in captivity.^[93]
1991 October–Dec – Release: Jesse J. Turner, Joseph J. Cicippio, Thomas Sutherland, Alann Steen, Terry Waite.^[79]
1991 December iv – Release: last American hostage Terry Anderson.
Suggested motivation: Office of Hezbollah "volteface", and entering into a new era where information technology participates in Lebanese democratic process while standing its fight against State of israel.^[94]
1991 Dec (belatedly) – Render: bodies of William Buckley and Lt. Col. William Higgins found^[95] dumped on Beirut streets.

1992 [edit]

June 17, 1992 – Two High german relief workers held since 1989, Thomas Kemptner and Heinrich Struebig, are released. They were the last Western hostages in Lebanon.^[96]

Mentions in pop civilization [edit]

Hostages, a 1992 HBO film based on the outcome, starring Colin Firth as John McCarthy
Hostage (1999): three part UK documentary series for Channel Iv, featuring interviews with Anderson, Keenan, McCarthy, Waite, Kauffmann, and with the politicians involved, including George Shultz and Oliver N.^[97]
An Evil Cradling, Brian Keenan'southward memoir of his ordeal
Blind Flight, a 2003 UK film focusing on McCarthy and Keenan
Someone Who'll Watch Over Me, a play past Irish dramatist Frank McGuinness about an American, an Irishman and an Englishman held equally hostages in Lebanon
American Pinnacle xl, during the show for the calendar week ending June 21, 1986, then-earnest David Jacobsen was mentioned in a Long Altitude Dedication alphabetic character from his daughter Diane. She dedicated to him "The Long and Winding Road" by the Beatles.
Out of Life, a motion-picture show directed by Lebanese filmmaker Maroun Baghdadi. Inspired by d'United nations otage à Beyrouth, based on the events surrounding earnest Roger Auque, Special Jury Prize at Cannes in 1991
Two Rooms, a play by Lee Blessing depicts an American instructor held earnest in a dark room after being captured in Beirut. His wife holds a acuity for him in an empty room, in their house outside D.C. Originally deputed and produced in 1988, Ii Rooms was named Best Play of the Year past Time magazine.

References [edit]

^ "Remains of French hostage constitute near Beirut". New York Times. March half-dozen, 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
^ Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, New York : Columbia University Press, 1997, p. 113
^ Los Angeles Times, 26 November 1989; Independent, 9 October 1991; and Le Figaro, iv Dec 1989
^ ^a ^b Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, 2001, p. 270
^ "Talks in Iran Seek to Gratis Hostages", New York Times, March 17, 1991, p. eighteen
^ ^a ^b Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanese republic, (1997) p. 108
^ "terror and tehran". world wide web.pbs.org. May 2, 2002.
^ Ascent to Globalism past Stephen Ambrose, p. 312
^ ^a ^b Explained by PLO's Salah Khalef, in Washington Postal service, 21 February 1987
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah (1997), p. 54
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah (1997) p. 147
^ ^a ^b Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 125
^ source: Maskit Burgin, "Strange Hostages in Lebanon" in Ariel Merai and Anat Kurz, International Terrorism in 1987 (Bedrock, CO, Westview Press, 1988), p. 70
^ Hala Jaber, a journalist for British newspapers estimates at least 87 foreigners were kidnapped, including 17 Americans, 14 Britons, 15 French, seven Swiss, and 7 W Germans. (Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, New York: Columbia Academy Press, 1997, p. 113)
^ "Terry Anderson Looks Back, Blindfold and Chains" New York Times, March fifteen, 1992, p. 10
^ ^a ^b Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, New York: Columbia University Press,1997, p. 100
^ Hostage: Consummate Story of the Lebanon Captives past Con Coughlin, Time Warner, p. 36
^ Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, Simon and Schuster, 2001, pp. 101–04
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^east ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ^north ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w "Lebanon - The Earnest Crisis". www.country-data.com.
^ "'Justice Volition Be Washed'". www.cbsnews.com.
^ "W German Earnest Freed in Lebanese republic". Los Angeles Times. September 8, 1987.
^ "West German Hostage Is Released in Lebanese republic". The New York Times. September xiii, 1988.
^ "Those who remain in captivity; John McCarthy release", The Times, ix Baronial 1991
^ ^a ^b Church envoy Waite freed in Beirut from bbc.co.united kingdom
^ ^a ^b Galenet Biography Resources Center
^ Myre, Greg (June 11, 2014). "How To Survive, And Thrive, After v Years Every bit A Hostage". NPR . Retrieved May 18, 2020.
^ Hunt, Sivonnia L. (May 1, 2013). "The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act: The Roadblocks to Recovery". Seventh Circuit Review. 8 (2): 434–58.
^ ^a ^b "In The Political party Of God (Part I)". Archived from the original on May 7, 2009.
^ "five Months Before Than Lebanon Captors Said: Buckley Died in June, 1985, Jacobsen Thinks". Los Angeles Times. December 3, 1986.
^ The states Security Council, "U.S./Iranian Contacts and the American Hostages" – "Maximum Version" of NSC Chronology of Events, dated Nov 17, 1986, 2000 Hours – Acme Underground, Chronology, November 17, 1986, 12 pp. (UNCLASSIFIED)
^ Gup, Ted. The Book of Honor, New York: Doubleday, 2000, p. 286.
^ "Remains of missing U.N. worker constitute subsequently 24 years". edition.cnn.com.
^ "KGB Reportedly Gave Arab Terrorists a Gustation of Brutality to Free Diplomats". The Guardian to Los Angeles Times. Jan 7, 1986.
^ "Lebanese republic returns hostage'due south remains". BBC News. March 7, 2006.
^ Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, New York: Columbia Academy Press, 1997, p. 126
^ via the Gainesville Sun on May xxx, 1985.
^ "British teacher plant shot to death in Beirut". The Prescott Courier. May 29, 1985.
^ "Transport photo of victim". The Press-Courier. June 3, 1985.
^ Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, Simon and Schuster, 2001, pp. 102, 04
^ Salameh, Rima (September 26, 1986). "British reporter evades kidnapping in Moslem Beirut". Gainesville Sunday . Retrieved 8 August 2013.
^ Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, Simon and Schuster, 2001, p. 102
^ ^a ^b ^c Reuters (3 February 1987). "Militia Leaders Report "Arrest" of Waite". New York Times.
^ Maskit Burgin, "Foreign Hostages in Lebanon" in Anat Kurz, Ariel Merari, International Terrorism in 1987 (Boulder, CO: Westview Printing, 1988), lxx.
^ Kepel, Jihad (2002), p. 129
^ Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah : built-in with a vengeance, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997, p. 100
^ Heart Eastward Reporter, 22 July 1983, 14 November 1990
^ Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, New York: Columbia University Printing, 1997, p. 101
^ Bombs, Hostages: A Family unit Link Archived 2020-04-05 at the Wayback Automobile, Washington Post, 24 July 1990.
^ Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997, pp. 127–29
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanese republic, (1997), p. 91
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 95
^ ^a ^b Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah: born with a vengeance, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997, p. 127
^ "Hostages Fate Linked to Four Missing Iranians", New York Times, November 23, 1990, p. A11
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997) p. 100
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 191
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanese republic, (1997), p. 167
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon (1997), pp. 88–89
^ Eye Eastward Reporter 22 July 1983
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 92
^ "Uk Asks Lebanon To Await for Journalist". The New York Times. September 4, 1984. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
^ Jerusalem Postal service, eight January 1985
^ E. Buchler, Terrorismus in de Schweiz: Waffen- und Sprengstoffbeschaffung fur den Internationalen Terrorismus?` Semiarabeit MSII/86, Zurich 1986: p.24-five
^ ^a ^b ^c Ranstorp,, Hizb'allah in Lebanese republic, (1997), p. 94
^ Liberation, 5 June 1985
^ Le Matin, 29 January 1987
^ Haaretz, 30 January 1987
^ Ma'aretz, viii May 1988
^ New York Times January 1987
^ Ranstorp,, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 119
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 96
^ Wall Street Periodical, 21 May 1987
^ Kayhan, 12 March 1983
^ Ettela'at, 23 August 1983
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), pp. 116–17
^ New York Times, March xix, 1987. A9
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanese republic, (1997), p. 98
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanese republic, (1997), p. 97
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), pp. 98–99
^ ^a ^b "The Iran-Contra Time Line". Archived from the original on 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2007-09-22 .
^ ^a ^b Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 162
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 99
^ New York Times, January 25, 1987, March nineteen, 1987. A9, September 28, 1988. A9
^ New York Times, March 19, 1987. A9, September 28, 1988. A9
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 102
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah, (1997), p. 100
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah, (1997), p. 124
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah, (1997), p. 144
^ Ranstorp,, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 146
^ "Briton in Lebanon Reported Dead", New York Times, September 9, 1989, p. 2
^ Ranstorp,, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 103
^ ^a ^b Tuohy, William (May one, 1990). "2d U.Southward. Hostage Freed in Beirut". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August ix, 2016.
^ "1990: Irish hostage released in Lebanese republic". BBC News. August 24, 1990.
^ Hedges, Chris (Baronial 12, 1991). "The Hostage Drama: Freed U.S. Hostage Emerges A Delicate and Disoriented Human". The New York Times . Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah, (1997), p. 105
^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah, (1997), p. 107
^ Hijazi, Ihsan A. (June 16, 1992). "2 German Hostages Freed in Lebanese republic, Islamic republic of iran Says". The New York Times.
^ Hostage

Bibliography [edit]

Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah: Built-in with a Vengeance, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997
Ranstorp, Magnus, Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis, New York, St. Martins Press, 1997
Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, Simon and Schuster, 2001

simonwhimfoome.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_hostage_crisis